@article{Kiel, Steffen2013,
author = "Steffen Kiel and J{\"o}rn Peckmann and Klaus Simon",
abstract = "Fossil catshark egg capsules, Scyliorhinotheca goederti gen. et sp. nov., are reported from a Late Eocene deep-water methane-seep calcareous deposit in western Washington State, USA. The capsules are preserved three-dimensionally and some show mineralized remnants of the ribbed capsule wall consisting of small globular crystals that are embedded in a microsparitic matrix. The globules are calcitic, but a strontium content of 2400–3000 ppm suggests that they were originally aragonitic. The carbonate enclosing the egg capsules, and the capsule wall itself, show δ13C values as low as -36.5‰, suggesting that formation was induced by the anaerobic oxidation of methane and hence in an anoxic environment. We put forward the following scenario for the mineralization of the capsule wall: (i) the collagenous capsules experienced a sudden change from oxic to anoxic conditions favouring an increase of alkalinity; (ii) this led to the precipitation of aragonitic globules within the collagenous capsule wall; (iii) subsequently the remaining capsule wall was mineralized by calcite or aragonite; (iv) finally the aragonitic parts of the wall recrystallized to calcite. The unusual globular habit of the early carbonate precipitates apparently represents a taphonomic feature, resulting from mineralization mediated by an organic matrix. Taphonomic processes, however, are at best contributed to an increase of alkalinity, which was mostly driven by methane oxidation at the ancient seep site.",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0077",
issn = "1732-2421",
journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
number = "4",
pages = "77-84",
title = "{C}atshark {E}gg {C}apsules from a {L}ate {E}ocene {D}eep-{W}ater {M}ethane-{S}eep {D}eposit in {W}estern {W}ashington {S}tate, {{USA}",
url = "http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4202/app.2011.0077",
volume = "58",
year = "2013",
}